因为“恶心”，萨特拒绝了诺贝尔奖！
<p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 16px 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 28px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">编辑丨崔永辉</strong></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 16px 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 28px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">《恶心》是法国作家萨特的小说成名作，也是他哲学思想的集中体现。萨特被誉为“一代知识分子的伟大榜样”，20世纪思想发展史上里程碑式的人物。1938年，萨特出版了《恶心》，以日记的形式展现了一个年轻学生洛根丁的内心世界，这本书不仅为萨特赢得了极高的文学声誉，也呈现出了他的哲学思想的基本轮廓。</p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 16px 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 28px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">总的来说，萨特所代表的存在主义哲学，有这样几个主要观点：“存在先于本质”，“世界是荒谬的”，以及“自由选择”。</p><div class="pgc-img" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 28px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><img src="https://p1-tt.byteimg.com/origin/pgc-image/45d557ec860a4b71be2fc09ebdd904f8" img_width="200" img_height="280" alt="因为“恶心”，他拒绝了诺贝尔奖！" inline="0" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; border-style: none; max-width: 100%; display: block; margin: 10px auto;"><p class="pgc-img-caption" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(119, 119, 119); line-height: 16px;"></p></div><h1 class="ql-align-center" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 24px; margin: 36px 0px 22px; padding: 0px; font-weight: 700; line-height: 32px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">存在先于本质</strong></h1><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 16px 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 28px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">颜色、重量、形状、光滑度等等，这些变动不定的物理特征意味着“本质”，我们一般是通过“本质”来认知事物的。但萨特认为，人们在认知“本质”的同时，却忽略了被这些“本质”所遮蔽的“存在”。存在才是事物本身，是第一位的，而本质是第二位的。</p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 16px 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 28px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">“存在”在“本质”之前。人的存在空无所有，因而充满了各种可能性，而本质则是人通过后天的行为慢慢形成的性质。在小说中，主人公洛根丁觉得感官接触到的任何东西的本质都是无法把握的，他因此而觉得恶心。</p><div class="pgc-img" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 28px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><img src="https://p1-tt.byteimg.com/origin/pgc-image/0382426f697940a785c6818ba41fa53e" img_width="278" img_height="300" alt="因为“恶心”，他拒绝了诺贝尔奖！" inline="0" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; border-style: none; max-width: 100%; display: block; margin: 10px auto;"><p class="pgc-img-caption" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(119, 119, 119); line-height: 16px;"></p></div><h1 class="ql-align-center" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 24px; margin: 36px 0px 22px; padding: 0px; font-weight: 700; line-height: 32px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">与存在的虚无相应的，是生存的荒谬</strong></h1><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 16px 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 28px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">萨特认为，人生活在时间之中，但是，人们通过开端和结束、过去和现在这些概念，所把握住的只是时间的本质，而不是时间的存在。由此就产生了人生存的根本性焦虑，在个体的存在和外部世界之中有一道巨大的鸿沟。</p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 16px 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 28px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">在小说中，主人公洛根丁本想搜集资料，为一位侯爵写传记，最后却发现他是在按照时间顺序凭空塑造出侯爵的一生，他所书写的侯爵的生平和他的真实生平很可能是两回事，他的历史研究只不过是在编故事。</p><div class="pgc-img" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 28px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><img src="https://p1-tt.byteimg.com/origin/pgc-image/3b408c90c9f141f78cd07730069467f4" img_width="381" img_height="375" alt="因为“恶心”，他拒绝了诺贝尔奖！" inline="0" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; border-style: none; max-width: 100%; display: block; margin: 10px auto;"><p class="pgc-img-caption" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(119, 119, 119); line-height: 16px;"></p></div><h1 class="ql-align-center" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 24px; margin: 36px 0px 22px; padding: 0px; font-weight: 700; line-height: 32px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">面对生存的荒谬，我们应该自由选择</strong></h1><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 16px 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 28px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">萨特认为，人应该回溯到自己出生的那一刻，那时，他眼中的世界没有任何名称、规定、象征或者标签，那时的人只是单纯地被世界的本来面目所震撼，也就是被世界的存在所震撼。但是之后，人就越来越多地接受事物的特征和现象，用语言描述事物的本质，而越来越远离存在了。</p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 16px 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 28px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">在小说中，洛根丁意识到恶心，就迈出了从本质中解放出来的第一步。他认识到，事物的存在完全出于偶然，人也应该把自己的存在交给偶然，这样人才能够感到自由，人也应该运用自己的自由来创造自己的本质。</p><div class="pgc-img" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 28px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><img src="https://p1-tt.byteimg.com/origin/pgc-image/703f263d819a4be8b8b473341366828b" img_width="542" img_height="635" alt="因为“恶心”，他拒绝了诺贝尔奖！" inline="0" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; border-style: none; max-width: 100%; display: block; margin: 10px auto;"><p class="pgc-img-caption" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(119, 119, 119); line-height: 16px;"></p></div><h1 class="ql-align-center" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 24px; margin: 36px 0px 22px; padding: 0px; font-weight: 700; line-height: 32px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">为何这本小说依然意义深远</strong></h1><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 16px 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 28px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">因为《恶心》触及了我们生存焦虑的根源所在。只要我们觉得活着很焦虑，那么《恶心》就是为我们而写的。萨特让我们明白，焦虑跟没钱、工作太忙、家庭负担重等等无关；焦虑是无法避免、无法克服的，它来自我们降生的那一刻，来自最初的陌生感，来自完全偶然的、存在性的相遇。</p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 16px 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 28px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">萨特认为，在这一片混乱无序的世界上，我们必须首先摆脱本质的束缚，确认自己的绝对自由，然后，我们要接受自由选择带来的责任，我们要懂得，不管是痛苦的体验还是欢乐的体验，我们都是在创造自己的本质，创造自己的人生。</p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 16px 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 28px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">萨特被授予1964年诺贝尔文学奖，但他拒绝领奖，理由是他作为一个独立知识分子，他拒绝接受任何官方奖项，包括1964年的诺贝尔文学奖，他还说，任何荣誉都会约束人，而他一辈子追求的就是自由。</p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 16px 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 28px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">关于主播：</strong></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 16px 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 28px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">《喜马讲书》：你上次读完一本书，是什么时候？读书，不知不觉成了一件「三无」的事。出版市场鱼龙混杂，没有眼光挑书。信息超载事务冗杂，没有时间读书。加班繁重身心疲惫，没有精力读书。读书，向来是最低成本的高贵。但它的成本，似乎越来越高了。</p>
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