mbinary.xyz博客的书单

admin 发表于 2019-3-25 11:28:13

<p style="margin: 0.85em auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.7; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">我将所有书籍的电子版放在百度云了,可以<a href="https://pan.baidu.com/s/1ySrI1UwuqmX8z0ZG5sPwdA" target="_blank" rel="noopener" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(37, 143, 184);">点这里</a><h2 id="——-2019———" style="margin: 1em 0px 16px; padding: 0px 0px 0.3em; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); outline: 0px; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Segoe UI', Arial, freesans, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 1.75rem; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; line-height: 1.225; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://mbinary.xyz/books.html#——-2019———" class="headerlink" title="——-2019———" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 28px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(37, 143, 184);"></a>——-2019———</h2><h2 id="未来世界的幸存者" style="margin: 1em 0px 16px; padding: 0px 0px 0.3em; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); outline: 0px; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Segoe UI', Arial, freesans, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 1.75rem; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; line-height: 1.225; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://mbinary.xyz/books.html#未来世界的幸存者" class="headerlink" title="未来世界的幸存者" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 28px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(37, 143, 184);"></a>未来世界的幸存者</h2><p style="margin: 0.85em auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.7; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/7130568-befdb3f59787f4bf.jpg?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240" title="" rel="fancy-group" class="fancy-ctn fancybox" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(37, 143, 184);"><img src="http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/7130568-befdb3f59787f4bf.jpg?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240" width="undefined" height="undefined" title="" alt="" style="margin: 0.5em auto; padding: 0px; border: none; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; max-width: 100%;"></a><p style="margin: 0.85em auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.7; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://survivor.ruanyifeng.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(37, 143, 184);">戳我在线阅读</a><p style="margin: 0.85em auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.7; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">对于标题<code style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.05em 0.3em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Consolas, 'Source Code Pro', Inconsolata, Monaco, monospace, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei'; font-size: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); background-color: rgba(248, 237, 223, 0.498039); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; -webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0784314) 1px 1px 1px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0784314) 1px 1px 1px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">未来世界的幸存者</code>,”未来” 既有已经到来的未来: VR, 基因编辑, 换头术, 一些工作机器取代人类等, 还有很遥远的未来: 社会的平等, 人类的进化, 熵增最后走向混乱等. 对于”幸存”, 从小的方面指个人的生活质量, 工作, 财富积累等, 从大的, 长远的方面看指人类社会结构, 人类生存方面的问题.<p style="margin: 0.85em auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.7; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">作者阮一峰在得知 AlphaGo 战胜世界冠军李世石(2016年3月)后, 意识到 机器人, 自动化, 人工智能正在变得比人类更强大. 最终技术可能淘汰人类. 因此开始撰写此书.<p style="margin: 0.85em auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.7; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">这本书讲了作者对未来的思考与忧虑, 着重写了技术对人类发展, 个人发展的影响. 从长远看, 技术影响历史发展, 而不是政治, 经济(不完全归纳). 技术加剧了人与人之间的不平等(在获得财富方面), 而又使人们在享受技术时更加平等(比如手机, 以前的马车, VR 体验等). 作者有很多悲观的预测, 如<blockquote style="margin: 0.5em auto; padding: 0.4em 20px; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 4px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgba(147, 181, 224, 0.4); outline: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.4); -webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 1px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 1px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 26.390625px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">未来只有两种途径可以改变人生, 一种是学习技术, 另一种是购买彩票</blockquote><p style="margin: 0.85em auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.7; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">作者对技术的发展有悲观的看法. 技术正变得越来越先进, 越来越难懂, 越来越复杂, 大多数人都不理解技术了. 很多时候都是黑箱操作. 这里有个前提, 你使用黑箱时, 你不能保证黑箱它不出错, 它没有后门等等. 作者思考技术是否有边界, 正如美国经济学家熊彼特所说:”资本主义最终将因为无法承受其快速膨胀带来的能量, 而崩溃自身的规模”, 那么技术是否会如此呢?<p style="margin: 0.85em auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.7; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">书中有一篇文章<a href="https://survivor.ruanyifeng.com/collapse/university.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(37, 143, 184);">为什么你可以不用上大学</a>, 提到现在信息化时代. 很多知识都可以自学. “大学课程是为了那些不知道学什么的人设计的，千万不要因为自己找不到方向，而被这些课程画地为牢限制住。你要主动去接触和学习，那些自己感兴趣的东西。” 我开始反思自己在大学的学习, 很多时候就是考前突击, 应付考试了, 我始终认为兴趣是最好的老师, 学习不等于考试学习就应该以兴趣, 深度为重, 而考试应该刷题, 反复练习. 这里还有一篇文章,<a href="http://www.jiemian.com/article/887630.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(37, 143, 184);">东亚教育浪费了太多生命</a>批判应试教育制度的. 这里有一个关于<a href="https://www.zhihu.com/question/20585936/answer/542638383?utm_source=wechat_timeline&utm_medium=social&from=timeline" target="_blank" rel="noopener" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(37, 143, 184);">学习观</a>的视频<p style="margin: 0.85em auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.7; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">说到上大学, <del style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline;">我就想到了西游记</del>, 我就想到了一部纪录片<a href="http://www.docuchina.cn/2017/04/06/VIDAS7zgchGAh2hUyRnxvdJy170406.shtml" target="_blank" rel="noopener" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(37, 143, 184);">高十</a>. 主人公为了考取名校(科大), 复读了很多年. 挺同情他的. 我知道 有怎样的认知就会做出怎样的选择. 我尊重他的选择, 尊重他追求梦想 — 考名校的坚韧品质. 但是他应该了解更多一些, 认识世界, 认识自己更多一些:<ol style="margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: decimal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 26.390625px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li style="margin: 0.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; vertical-align: baseline;">考名校只是手段, 他的目的 (我想) 应该是以后有好的出路, 找好工作. 这些完全可以通过学一门技术, 积累经验达成.</li><li style="margin: 0.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; vertical-align: baseline;">复读了这么多年, 考的分数虽然在增加, 但是还是太低. 说明他学习并没有掌握方法与技巧, 没有在一次次考试中总结, 得到经验. 这样下去很难有质的变化</li><li style="margin: 0.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; vertical-align: baseline;">即使考上了, 他很可能难以跟上大学课程 (上条说到没有找到学习方法, 资质差). 虽然可以从考这么多年高考可以看出他内心还是很强大的, 但是由于, 梦想的实现, 前后的落差, 或者是心理压抑太久很可能走上抑郁, 堕落, 厌学等的失败道路</li></ol><p style="margin: 0.85em auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.7; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">对于个人工作方面, 简单的, 重复的工作必将被机器取代, 高度自动化, (比如以前的税务顾问, 银行取前 ATM等), 所以要发展难以被机器取代的能力: 如人格魅力, 创意, 决策与领导力等. 技术发展迅速, 我们应该学习基础的, 不变的内容, 而不是各种应用(比如过时的 flash). 而且雇佣制度对劳工不利, 作者鼓励创业(想起 Paul Graham以及 YC), 以及准备好人生的 Plan B.<p style="margin: 0.85em auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.7; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">另外说到 API (这里不是指 Application Programming Interface, 而是公司的组织架构). 比如外卖送餐员没有领导, 直接从 API 接收任务, 再把结果回报给 API. 长期来看, 未来只有两种工作, API 之上的工作和 API 之下的工作. 这两种工作的特点就是 API 之下的工作更多, 更累, 报酬更低. API 之上的反之, 而作为 API 的是自动化, 机器化的.<p style="margin: 0.85em auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.7; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">才疏学浅, 欢迎讨论<h2 id="——-2018———" style="margin: 1em 0px 16px; padding: 0px 0px 0.3em; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); outline: 0px; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Segoe UI', Arial, freesans, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 1.75rem; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; line-height: 1.225; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://mbinary.xyz/books.html#——-2018———" class="headerlink" title="——-2018———" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 28px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(37, 143, 184);"></a>——-2018———</h2><h2 id="意志力：关于自控、专注和效率的心理学" style="margin: 1em 0px 16px; padding: 0px 0px 0.3em; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); outline: 0px; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Segoe UI', Arial, freesans, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 1.75rem; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; line-height: 1.225; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://mbinary.xyz/books.html#意志力：关于自控、专注和效率的心理学" class="headerlink" title="意志力：关于自控、专注和效率的心理学" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 28px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(37, 143, 184);"></a>意志力：关于自控、专注和效率的心理学</h2><p style="margin: 0.85em auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.7; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/7130568-f8b111f3e04a53d2.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240" title="" rel="fancy-group" class="fancy-ctn fancybox" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(37, 143, 184);"><img src="https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/7130568-f8b111f3e04a53d2.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240" width="undefined" height="undefined" title="" alt="" style="margin: 0.5em auto; padding: 0px; border: none; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; max-width: 100%;"></a><p style="margin: 0.85em auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.7; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">这本书通过一些生动有趣的例子, 以及相应的学术研究, 说明了 意志力就像一种能量, 是会消耗掉的(叫做<code style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.05em 0.3em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Consolas, 'Source Code Pro', Inconsolata, Monaco, monospace, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei'; font-size: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); background-color: rgba(248, 237, 223, 0.498039); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; -webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0784314) 1px 1px 1px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0784314) 1px 1px 1px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">自我损耗</code>). 如同肌肉使用久了, 会疲劳. 而”补充” 意志力的一种方法就是补充糖分. 书中建议, 我们不要挑战自己的意志力, 即远离诱惑, 而不是抵制诱惑. 另外, 形成一些习惯也能加强意志力. 书中的两个观点:<ol style="margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: decimal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 26.390625px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li style="margin: 0.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; vertical-align: baseline;">意志力有限, 使用就会消耗</li><li style="margin: 0.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; vertical-align: baseline;">从同一账户提取意志力用于不同的任务.</li></ol><p style="margin: 0.85em auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.7; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">即意志力只有一个账户, 而不是一个用于工作, 一个用于饮食, 一个用于运动等等. 而且意志力是可以消耗的, 那么做一些事情的先后顺序就会使意志力变化, 影响到事情的结果. 例如<ul style="margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 26.390625px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li style="margin: 0.1em 0.1em 0.1em 1.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; vertical-align: baseline; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; list-style-type: disc;">护理人员为了不让病人关注病痛, 跟病人持续交谈.</li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0.1em 0.1em 1.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; vertical-align: baseline; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; list-style-type: disc;">抵制巧克力影响解几何题</li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0.1em 0.1em 1.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; vertical-align: baseline; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; list-style-type: disc;">甄别间谍的方法: 怀疑一个人是苏联间谍, 直接问他会不会说俄语不管用, 但是如果让他确认俄语单词的字体颜色, 他花的时间比较长且回答正确的话, 说明他会说俄语.</li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0.1em 0.1em 1.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; vertical-align: baseline; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; list-style-type: disc;">有句俗语是 “上班受气, 回家踢狗”. 不过, 现代人一般不会如此虐待宠物, 而是更可能对家人恶语相向. 这也是为什么工作压力最大时婚姻往往出问题: 人们在工作上用完了意志力.(所以建议在工作还剩些精力时就下班回家)</li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0.1em 0.1em 1.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; vertical-align: baseline; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; list-style-type: disc;">考试季节, 学生自制力消耗过大,各种好习惯更可能被打破. 比如更可能与朋友出去玩, 而不是学习. 睡过头, 乱花钱的行为都有所增加. 脾气变坏, 更容易动怒或沮丧. 或许他们认为是压力过大, 然而, 压力真正做的是损耗意志力, 从而更难控制情绪.</li></ul><p style="margin: 0.85em auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.7; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">下面是一些建议<ul style="margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 26.390625px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li style="margin: 0.1em 0.1em 0.1em 1.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; vertical-align: baseline; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; list-style-type: disc;">身体抱恙的同学会影响考试. (身体上的痛苦影响注意力, 耗费意志力)</li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0.1em 0.1em 1.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; vertical-align: baseline; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; list-style-type: disc;">累了, 就睡 (睡眠剥夺可能损害葡糖糖的加工, 会导致自制力下降)</li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0.1em 0.1em 1.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; vertical-align: baseline; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; list-style-type: disc;">为了保持稳定的自制力, 最好吃血糖指数低的食物，如蔬菜,坚果,水果,鱼,肉等.</li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0.1em 0.1em 1.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; vertical-align: baseline; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; list-style-type: disc;">养成习惯, 无意识地做出自律的行为, 减少意志力的消耗</li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0.1em 0.1em 1.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; vertical-align: baseline; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; list-style-type: disc;">干净, 整洁的环境有助于养成良好的习惯.</li></ul><p style="margin: 0.85em auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.7; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">因为葡萄糖影响意志力, 所以有一些有趣的建议, 比如: 午餐过后 4小时, 不要与上司争论. 还没有吃晚餐, 就不要与伴侣讨论严肃话题.<blockquote style="margin: 0.5em auto; padding: 0.4em 20px; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 4px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgba(147, 181, 224, 0.4); outline: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.4); -webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 1px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 1px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 26.390625px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">更有研究表明, 低血糖患者与一般人相比,更难集中精力, 更难控制情绪. 在罪犯暴力分子中, 低血糖体征不是一般的普遍, 有的律师用低血糖为嫌犯辩护.</blockquote><h2 id="对伪心理说不" style="margin: 1em 0px 16px; padding: 0px 0px 0.3em; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); outline: 0px; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Segoe UI', Arial, freesans, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 1.75rem; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; line-height: 1.225; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://mbinary.xyz/books.html#对伪心理说不" class="headerlink" title="对伪心理说不" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 28px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(37, 143, 184);"></a>对伪心理说不</h2><p style="margin: 0.85em auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.7; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a id="psychology" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(37, 143, 184);"></a> <a href="https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/7130568-7ae9380b0d4ad7f5.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240" title="image.png" rel="fancy-group" class="fancy-ctn fancybox" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(37, 143, 184);"><img src="https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/7130568-7ae9380b0d4ad7f5.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240" width="undefined" height="undefined" title="image.png" alt="image.png" style="margin: 0.5em auto; padding: 0px; border: none; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; max-width: 100%;"></a><p style="margin: 0.85em auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.7; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">书中, 作者首先举例说明心理学的研究范围,人们的刻板印象等等. 然后就论述心理学是一门科学, 通过科学的特性,以及定义出的可操作性定义来辩证. 这本书不是你想的那样, 包含什么占星术, 或者能读懂别人的心理等等. 主要是对人的心理的认识, 比如一些偏见, 一些<code style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.05em 0.3em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Consolas, 'Source Code Pro', Inconsolata, Monaco, monospace, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei'; font-size: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); background-color: rgba(248, 237, 223, 0.498039); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; -webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0784314) 1px 1px 1px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0784314) 1px 1px 1px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">自我的心理理论</code>, 一些非理性的想法等等. 下面是具体的内容概括<ul style="margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 26.390625px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li style="margin: 0.1em 0.1em 0.1em 1.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; vertical-align: baseline; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; list-style-type: disc;">心理学应具有可证伪原则 (科学的必要性)</li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0.1em 0.1em 1.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; vertical-align: baseline; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; list-style-type: disc;">操作性定义的概念</li></ul><p style="margin: 0.85em auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.7; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">利用可测量,可观察的操作来表述的概念定义. 操作性定义使得科学知识变得公开可检验,而不是像”直觉”,非经验性定义那样,只属于特定个体. 如智力, 其实大家都有自己的定义(或者说概念,但是表达不出来), 需要有操作性定义, 比如智力检测题(当然可以不同, 只要合理, 能为绝大多数人接受)<ul style="margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 26.390625px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li style="margin: 0.1em 0.1em 0.1em 1.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; vertical-align: baseline; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; list-style-type: disc;">见证和个案研究证据</li></ul><p style="margin: 0.85em auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.7; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">由于见证和个案对于当事人具有鲜活性(与当事人联系更紧密), 人们会倾向于相信个案, 而不是统计规律. 如安慰剂效应, 总有提出证实其疗效的个人见证.<ul style="margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 26.390625px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li style="margin: 0.1em 0.1em 0.1em 1.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; vertical-align: baseline; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; list-style-type: disc;">相关和因果</li></ul><p style="margin: 0.85em auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.7; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">不要混淆这两种关系. 虽然概念容易分辨, 但到了真实场景就很可能混淆. 还有选择性偏差造成很多虚假的相关. 人们在一定程度上选择了他们的环境, 认为的创造了行为特性和环境变量之间的相关.<ul style="margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 26.390625px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li style="margin: 0.1em 0.1em 0.1em 1.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; vertical-align: baseline; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; list-style-type: disc;">控制变量法</li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0.1em 0.1em 1.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; vertical-align: baseline; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; list-style-type: disc;">聚合性证据</li></ul><p style="margin: 0.85em auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.7; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">说明了科学的发展模式是一步步变化的, 不是 <code style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.05em 0.3em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Consolas, 'Source Code Pro', Inconsolata, Monaco, monospace, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei'; font-size: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); background-color: rgba(248, 237, 223, 0.498039); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; -webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0784314) 1px 1px 1px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0784314) 1px 1px 1px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">跃进</code>的. 每个实验不能完全正确, 但是每一个实验可以进步一点, 它必须满足关联性原则: 新的理论不仅要能解释新的科学数据,还必须能解释已有的数据<ul style="margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 26.390625px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li style="margin: 0.1em 0.1em 0.1em 1.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; vertical-align: baseline; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; list-style-type: disc;">多重原因与主要原因</li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0.1em 0.1em 1.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; vertical-align: baseline; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; list-style-type: disc;">概率</li></ul><p style="margin: 0.85em auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.7; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">了解概念的规律,比如条件概率, 明白事件发生都是在概率下进行的. 比如有人声称能预言股票走势,你确实连续收到它发给你的股票走势都是正确的. 然而事实是: 比如, 他第一个月向 1000 个人中的 500 个发送股票上涨, 另外一半发送股票下跌, 然而结果是股票下跌, 那么下一个月对发送股票下跌的500人进行同样的操作. 连续几次后, 总有人在概率下都”预测”正确了的<ul style="margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 26.390625px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li style="margin: 0.1em 0.1em 0.1em 1.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; vertical-align: baseline; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; list-style-type: disc;">偶然</li></ul><p style="margin: 0.85em auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.7; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">同样的, 用概率的角度来看待事件的发生. 那么也能理解偶然事件的发生, 而不是事件具有相关性. 人们常常有 解释偶然事件的倾向(然而只是概率上的偶然,没什么好解释的). 心理学家 Ray Hyman有过如下讨论<blockquote style="margin: 0.5em auto; padding: 0.4em 20px; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 4px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgba(147, 181, 224, 0.4); outline: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.4); -webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 1px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 1px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 26.390625px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">我们不得不运用自己原有的知识和期望以获得对世界万物的理解.在大多数的一般情景中,这种对于只是背景和记忆的运用让我们正确的阐释一些主张,并对此提供必要的推论.但是这一机制在原本没有承载任何信息的情景中偏离正轨.有些本是能够轻而易举就识别出来的随机性噪音,我们却不懈地从中寻找意义</blockquote><p style="margin: 0.85em auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.7; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">人们倾向于个人能力可以影响偶然事件的结果: 比如买彩票, 人们更愿意自己去抽取, 而不是雇员直接给你. 这通常叫做 “参与性抽彩”. 另外, 公平世界假设: 人们倾向于相信世界是公平的,每个人都得到应得的东西, 俗语就是”好人有好报,坏人有坏报”. 当得知一个平时非常善良的人遭遇横祸,会认为上天不公; 他们也相信坏人迟早是会遭报应的.**<h2 id="别做正常的傻瓜" style="margin: 1em 0px 16px; padding: 0px 0px 0.3em; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); outline: 0px; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Segoe UI', Arial, freesans, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 1.75rem; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; line-height: 1.225; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://mbinary.xyz/books.html#别做正常的傻瓜" class="headerlink" title="别做正常的傻瓜" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 28px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(37, 143, 184);"></a>别做正常的傻瓜</h2><p style="margin: 0.85em auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.7; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a id="normal-fool" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(37, 143, 184);"></a><p style="margin: 0.85em auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.7; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/7130568-d9f5b4296cbaf628.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240" title="" rel="fancy-group" class="fancy-ctn fancybox" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(37, 143, 184);"><img src="https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/7130568-d9f5b4296cbaf628.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240" width="undefined" height="undefined" title="" alt="" style="margin: 0.5em auto; padding: 0px; border: none; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; max-width: 100%;"></a><p style="margin: 0.85em auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.7; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">这本书中讲到我们在生活中的各种抉择,看似正常, 可是却不理性,分析后就发现我们做的选择竟然会自相矛盾, 这是因为心理学的作用. 比如:<ul style="margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 26.390625px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li style="margin: 0.1em 0.1em 0.1em 1.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; vertical-align: baseline; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; list-style-type: disc;">心理账户: 不同的消费有不同的账户, 设想两个场景, 1. 某电影上映,你弄丢了价值100元的电影票,你是否还会重买一张 2. 同样的电影, 正准备去买电影票,但是你弄丢了与电影票价值相同的手表, 你是否还要买电影票</li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0.1em 0.1em 1.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; vertical-align: baseline; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; list-style-type: disc;">收入来源不同,风险偏好不同: 正常人倾向于把赢来的钱消费掉,而把赚来的钱存起来</li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0.1em 0.1em 1.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; vertical-align: baseline; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; list-style-type: disc;">正常人通常在交易中会收到无关参考值的影响,过多考虑参考价格和商品实际价格的差额: 要知道,商品的价值只有它的实际价格与对你的用途有关, 而与折扣, 昂贵..无关. 也就是说,你买打折了的商品是因为对你有用吗?还是因为折扣. 再例: 普通被子比超大被子便宜,你正好想买被子,且普通被子刚好适合你的床. 可是这天有优惠,两种被子一样的价格. 你买了超大被子,后来发现被子常常掉在地上,体验非常不好</li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0.1em 0.1em 1.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; vertical-align: baseline; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; list-style-type: disc;">买了钱去做不愿做的事情(沉没成本): 你通过广告买了一个非常昂贵的领带, 到手后发现一点都不喜欢, 但是你舍不得扔掉,继续使用,可是这给你带来不好的体验</li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0.1em 0.1em 1.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; vertical-align: baseline; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; list-style-type: disc;">期望:来看看两个场景的对比 1. 你有两个选择: A.确定性地得到10000 B.50%得到20000,50%得0 2. 你有两个选择: A.100%损失10000 B.50%损失20000, 50%不损失. 大部分人可能1A,2B</li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0.1em 0.1em 1.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; vertical-align: baseline; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; list-style-type: disc;">前景理论: 对于上面的期望例子,理应来说期望一样,可是人的选择却不同,一个有风险,一个没风险. 这是因为: 正常人在面临获得时是风险规避的,在面临损失时是风险喜好的… 这个得与失是通过差值确定的,所以高边参照点就能改变人对得失的判断,改变他们对风险的态度</li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0.1em 0.1em 1.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; vertical-align: baseline; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; list-style-type: disc;">损失规避性<ul style="margin: 10px 0px 10px 30px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none;"><li style="margin: 0.1em 0.1em 0.1em 1.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; vertical-align: baseline; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; list-style-type: disc;">赋予效应: 在得到东西时觉得不怎么有价值,而一旦拥有后再失去时就会感到这种东西的重要性. 比如商家利用这点让顾客免费体验</li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0.1em 0.1em 1.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; vertical-align: baseline; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; list-style-type: disc;">安于现状: 这个就很常见了, 变化是未知的, 是需要精力来适应的, 且很可能带来损失, 由于人们的损失规避性, 人们常常安于现状. 比如对于转专业这件事.</li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0.1em 0.1em 1.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; vertical-align: baseline; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; list-style-type: disc;">忽略未得利益: 本来可以得到却没有得到的利益, 也称为<code style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.05em 0.3em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Consolas, 'Source Code Pro', Inconsolata, Monaco, monospace, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei'; font-size: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); background-color: rgba(248, 237, 223, 0.498039); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; -webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0784314) 1px 1px 1px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0784314) 1px 1px 1px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">机会成本</code>. 正常人往往只注意到一般的损失, 而对未得利益不敏感.</li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0.1em 0.1em 1.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; vertical-align: baseline; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; list-style-type: disc;">定位效应: 人们估计一个值时, 常常受到一个锚点的影响(也是先入为主), 然后在其上下小范围的调整. 比如回答如下问题, 你的手机后三位是? 你猜测手机后三位数字比罗马帝国灭亡的年代的数字大还是小? 再猜测罗马是哪一年灭亡的. 虽然都知道这两者毫不相关, 但是你猜测的数字还出受到你手机后3三的影响, 是以它为锚点, <code style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.05em 0.3em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Consolas, 'Source Code Pro', Inconsolata, Monaco, monospace, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei'; font-size: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); background-color: rgba(248, 237, 223, 0.498039); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; -webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0784314) 1px 1px 1px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0784314) 1px 1px 1px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">小幅度</code>调整的结果. 再如, 商家利用这个开一个很高的价钱, 即时可以砍价, 也是在这个价钱小幅度范围.</li></ul></li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0.1em 0.1em 1.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; vertical-align: baseline; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; list-style-type: disc;">先入为主: 人们被第一印象框住后,以后接收的信息都会带有主观的偏向性, 对于之后获得的信息往往会偏向于用以证明自己的第一判断, 而忽视甚至扭曲一些可以纠正自己先验判断的信息.</li></ul><ul style="margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 26.390625px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li style="margin: 0.1em 0.1em 0.1em 1.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; vertical-align: baseline; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; list-style-type: disc;">比较判断与单独判断: 在单独判断时,有的特征是容易评价的,有的则难, 人们常受容易评价的特征的影响而做出欠理性的决策, 而很多情况下难评价的特征可能对评价人更有价值; 在比较判断时, 所以特征都容易评价.</li></ul><p style="margin: 0.85em auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.7; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">如有两本字典, 特点是第一本有 1万条词汇,全新第二本有两万条, 有些许破损, 不影响查阅. 现在让做比较判断, 很多人都会选择后者, 因为我们看重的是查阅的能力. 而单独判断时, 很多人都会选择前者, 因为人们不知道 1万条词汇是怎样的概念, 是难以评价的特征, 而关注了容易评价的特征是否破损, 所有选择了前者, 但是词汇量是对评价人更有价值的特征. 这个还有一种应用, 比如相亲时是否带你的闺蜜/基友 当你美 ta 丑, 带; 当你丑 ta 美, 不带 当都美, 不带 当都丑, 带 同样的,也可以应用到与对手竞争时的场景.<ul style="margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 26.390625px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li style="margin: 0.1em 0.1em 0.1em 1.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; vertical-align: baseline; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; list-style-type: disc;">送礼的智慧</li></ul><p style="margin: 0.85em auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.7; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">要知道, 你送礼物在选择时是比较判断, 而对方只收到这个礼物, 是单独判断, 所以要以单独判断的思维去选择礼物.<ul style="margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 26.390625px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li style="margin: 0.1em 0.1em 0.1em 1.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; vertical-align: baseline; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; list-style-type: disc;">在一个不太昂贵的礼物类别中选择一个比较贵的礼物, 要比在比较昂贵的礼物类别中选一个比较便宜的效果好. 因为对方收到礼物会和 ta 之前见过的同类物品进行比较.</li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0.1em 0.1em 1.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; vertical-align: baseline; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; list-style-type: disc;">有用的不如无用的. 最好的礼物应该是吃不掉,用不掉,仍不掉的.<ul style="margin: 10px 0px 10px 30px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none;"><li style="margin: 0.1em 0.1em 0.1em 1.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; vertical-align: baseline; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; list-style-type: disc;">管理的智慧</li></ul></li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0.1em 0.1em 1.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; vertical-align: baseline; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; list-style-type: disc;">小奖不如没奖, 小惩不如没惩. 人们往往做事是出于自己的内在动力了, 而一旦与奖励挂钩, 就变成了一个经济交易.</li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0.1em 0.1em 1.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; vertical-align: baseline; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; list-style-type: disc;">晚说不如早说. 在有好的事情时, 早点说, 别人期待的就越久<ul style="margin: 10px 0px 10px 30px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none;"><li style="margin: 0.1em 0.1em 0.1em 1.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; vertical-align: baseline; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; list-style-type: disc;">传递消息的智慧</li></ul></li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0.1em 0.1em 1.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; vertical-align: baseline; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; list-style-type: disc;">多个好消息要分开说</li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0.1em 0.1em 1.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; vertical-align: baseline; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; list-style-type: disc;">多个坏消息要一起说</li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0.1em 0.1em 1.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; vertical-align: baseline; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; list-style-type: disc;">好消息大, 坏消息小,可以一起说</li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0.1em 0.1em 1.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; vertical-align: baseline; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; list-style-type: disc;">好消息小, 坏消息大, 不要一起说</li></ul><p style="margin: 0.85em auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'WenQuanYi Micro Hei', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.7; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">非常好的一本书,非常喜欢 <span class="github-emoji" title="smiley" data-src="https://github.githubassets.com/images/icons/emoji/unicode/1f603.png?v8" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline;">

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