一个学生的法语语法(A Student Grammar of French)文字版[PDF]

游客，本帖隐藏的内容需要积分高于 1 才可浏览，您当前积分为 0

资源信息： 中文名: 一个学生的法语语法 原名: A Student Grammar of French 作者: Malcolm Offord 资源格式: PDF 版本: 文字版 出版社: Cambridge University Press 书号: 0521547628 发行时间: 2006年5月5日 地区: 美国 语言: 英文 概述:

内容介绍： 这本书主要涉及法语的基本语法，适合英语基础好的朋友来学习。 A concise introduction to French grammar, designed specifically for English-speaking undergraduates. Illustrating each grammatical point with examples from everyday life, it explains the fundamentals in simple terms, contains a range of exercises, and has a clear, user-friendly indexing system. The perfect accompaniment to any first or second year undergraduate course. About the Author Malcolm Offord is formally Lecturer and Reader in the Department of French, University of Nottingham. 内容截图：

更多中英文图书下载：www.linguagess.com 目录: Contents Acknowledgements page xix Introduction 1 Chapter 1 Verbs: 1 4 1 Introduction 4 2 Verbs 4 3 Treatment of verbs 4 Discursive treatment of verbs 5 Infinitives 5 4 Infinitives 5 Person 5 5 Person 5 Mood 5 6 Mood 5 Tense 6 7 Tense 6 8 Tenses 6 9 Presentation of tenses 7 10 Infinitives and conjugations 7 11 Infinitive endings for the four groups 7 12 Subgroups 7 13 Group 1 –er verbs, Group 2 –ir verbs, Group 3 –re verbs, Group 4 –oir verbs 8 14 The formation of tenses – simple and compound tenses 8 Indicative mood 9 Present tense 9 15 Group 1 –er verbs 9 16 Present tense of Group 1 –er verbs 9 17 Subgroups 9 18 –er verbs Subgroup 1 9 19 –er verbs Subgroup 2 10 20 –er verbs Subgroup 3 10 21 –er verbs Subgroup 4 10 22 Group 2 –ir verbs 11 23 Present tense of Group 2 –ir verbs 11 24 –ir verbs Subgroup 1 11 25 –ir verbs Subgroup 2 11 26 –ir verbs Subgroup 3 12 27 –ir verbs Subgroup 4 12 28 –ir verb mourir = to die 12 29 Group 3 –re verbs 12 30 Present tense of Group 3 –re verbs 12 31 –re verbs Subgroup 1 12 32 –re verbs Subgroup 2 13 33 –re verbs Subgroup 3 13 34 –re verbs Subgroup 4 14 35 –re verbs Subgroup 5 14 36 –re verbs Subgroup 6 14 37 –re verbs Subgroup 7 14 38 Group 4 –oir verbs 15 39 Present tense of Group 4 –oir verbs 15 40 –oir verbs Subgroup 1 15 41 –oir verbs Subgroup 2 15 42 –oir verbs Subgroup 3 15 Imperfect tense 16 43 Using and forming the imperfect tense 16 44 Examples of the imperfect tense Groups 1–4 17 Future and conditional tenses 18 45 Using the future and conditional tenses 18 46 Endings of future and conditional tenses 18 47 Examples of future and conditional tenses of Group 1 –er verbs 19 48 Stem changes of Group 1 –er verbs 19 49 Group 1 –er verbs with radical stem variation 20 50 Examples of future and conditional tenses of Group 2 –ir verbs 21 51 –ir verbs Subgroup 3 21 52 Group 2 –ir verbs with radical stem variation 21 53 Future and conditional tenses of Group 3 –re verbs 22 54 The exceptions ˆetre and faire 22 55 Future and conditional tenses of Group 4 –oir verbs 22 Participles 23 56 Present participles 23 57 Exceptions 24 58 Past participles 24 59 Formation of past participles Groups 1–3 24 60 Group 3 –re verbs with distinctive past participles 25 61 Past participles of Group 4 –oir verbs 25 Compound tenses 25 62 General comments 25 63 avoir or ˆetre? 25 64 Verbs conjugated with ˆetre and agreement 26 65 Verbs which may be conjugated with either avoir or ˆetre 27 Perfect tense 27 66 Formation 27 67 Perfect tense of Group 1–4 verbs 27 Pluperfect tense 29 68 Formation 29 69 Pluperfect tense of Group 1–4 verbs 29 Future perfect tense 30 70 Formation 30 71 Future perfect tense of Group 1–4 verbs 30 Conditional perfect tense 31 72 Formation 31 73 Conditional perfect tense of Group 1–4 verbs 31 Past historic tense 32 74 Past historic 32 75 Past historic tense of Group 1 –er verbs 33 76 Examples of Group 1 –er verbs 33 77 Past historic tense of Group 2 –ir verbs 33 78 Examples of Group 2 –ir verbs 33 79 –ir verbs Subgroup 4 34 80 –ir verbs exceptions to Subgroup 2 and mourir 34 81 Past historic tense of Group 3 –re verbs 34 82 Group 3 –re verbs with past historic endings in –i– 34 83 Group 3 –re verbs with stem variation 35 84 Group 3 –re verbs with past historic endings in –u– 35 85 Past historic tense of Group 4 –oir verbs 36 86 Group 4 –oir verbs with past historic endings in –i– 36 87 Group 4 –oir verbs with past historic endings in –u– 36 Past anterior tense 37 88 General comments 37 89 Formation 37 90 Examples of Group 1–4 verbs 37 Subjunctive mood 38 Present subjunctive tense 38 91 Formation 38 92 Group 1 examples of the present subjunctive 38 93 Group 1 verb which diverges from the normal pattern – aller 39 94 Group 2 examples of the present subjunctive 39 95 Group 3 examples of the present subjunctive 39 96 Group 3 verbs which diverge from the normal pattern 40 97 Group 4 examples of the present subjunctive 40 98 Group 4 verbs which diverge from the normal pattern 40 Imperfect subjunctive tense 41 99 Formation and usage 41 100 Examples of the imperfect subjunctive 41 Perfect and pluperfect subjunctive tenses 42 101 Formation 42 102 Examples of Group 1–4 verbs 42 Pronominal verbs 43 103 Pronominal verbs 43 104 Compound tenses 43 105 Agreement of past participles 44 106 The variable values of reflexive pronouns – how to interpret the pronouns 44 107 Occasional difficulty in deciding whether the pronoun is direct or indirect object 46 108 The agreement in compound tenses of pronominal verbs with direct objects and those with indirect objects 47 109 Verbs that are always pronominal and those that are sometimes pronominal 47 Voice 48 110 Active and passive voice 48 111 Restrictions on conversion from active to passive voice 48 112 Formation of the passive voice 48 113 Examples of the passive voice 49 114 Avoiding and using the passive voice 49 Exercises 50 Chapter 2 Verbs: 2 53 Using verbs 53 Mood 53 The imperative mood 53 115 The imperative 53 116 The restricted forms of the imperative 53 117 The forms of the imperative 53 118 Forming the imperative 53 119 Exceptions 54 120 Forming the imperative of pronominal verbs 54 121 Meaning of the imperative 55 122 Alternatives to the imperative 55 123 The imperative combined with object pronouns 56 Indicative and subjunctive moods 56 124 The indicative and subjunctive moods and tenses 56 Present tense 56 125 Uses – 1: present moment; 2: habitual time; 3: universal time 56 126 4: marking continuous time 57 127 Other uses of the present tense – 5: future; 6: past 57 Past tenses 58 128 Past tenses 58 Imperfect tense 58 129 Uses – 1: duration; 2: interrupted time; 3: description; 4: repeated action 58 Past historic tense 59 130 Uses 59 Perfect tense 60 131 Uses – 1: past affecting present; 2: past divorced from present 60 Pluperfect tense 61 132 Uses 61 Past anterior tense 61 133 Uses 61 Double compound past tense 62 134 Uses 62 Future tense 62 135 Uses – 1: future; 2: attenuation of imperative 62 136 Other ways of referring to the future 63 Future perfect tense 63 137 Use 63 Conditional tense 63 138 Uses – 1: conveying future in reported speech; 2: as corollary of conditional clause; 3: conjecture 63 Conditional perfect tense 64 139 Uses – 1: conveying future perfect in reported speech; 2: hypothesis; 3: conjecture 64 140 Differences in tense usage in French and English 65 141 Differences between French and English use of tenses – 1: sequence of tenses 65 142 Differences between French and English use of tenses – 2: depuis, il y a 66 143 Differences between French and English use of tenses – 3: venir de 67 Subjunctive mood 68 144 When to use the subjunctive 68 145 Use of tenses in the subjunctive 68 146 Sequence of tenses in the subjunctive 68 147 Illustration of the sequence of tenses in the subjunctive 68 Grammatical circumstances requiring the subjunctive 69 148 In clauses introduced by a conjunctive expression 69 149 In clauses depending upon a verb or expression conveying an emotion 73 150 In clauses depending upon a verb or expression conveying avoiding, chance, denial, evaluation, forbidding, (im)possibility, improbability, necessity, uncertainty 75 151 In relative clauses depending upon a superlative formed with plus or moins 78 152 In noun clauses introduced by le fait que or que alone 78 153 In clauses depending upon a range of indefinite expressions, equivalent to words in –ever – pronouns whoever, whatever, adjective whatever, adverbs however, wherever 78 Grammatical circumstances where the subjunctive may be used 80 154 Optional subjunctive 80 155 In clauses depending upon a superlative not formed with plus or moins and upon such expressions as dernier, premier, seul 81 156 Other situations where the subjunctive is optional 81 157 Use with apr`es que 82 158 Pluperfect subjunctive equivalent to conditional perfect 82 Modal verbs 83 159 Definition of a modal verb 83 160 devoir 83 161 pouvoir 84 162 savoir 87 163 vouloir 87 Impersonal verbs 88 164 Impersonal verbs 88 Defective verbs 89 165 Defective verbs 89 Exercises 90 Chapter 3 Tabular treament of verbs 92 166 Order of presentation 92 Indicative mood 93 Group 1 –er verbs 93 167 Group 1 –er verbs 93 Group 2 –ir verbs 96 168 Group 2 –ir verbs 96 Group 3 –re verbs 98 169 Group 3 –re verbs 98 Group 4 –oir verbs 103 170 Group 4 –oir verbs 103 Subjunctive mood 106 Group 1 –er verbs 106 171 Group 1 –er verbs 106 Group 2 –ir verbs 109 172 Group 2 –ir verbs 109 Group 3 –re verbs 111 173 Group 3 –re verbs 111 Group 4 –oir verbs 115 174 Group 4 –oir verbs 115 Exercises 117 Chapter 4 Verb list 119 175 Using the list 119 176 The list 119 Chapter 5 Nouns and adjectives 129 Nouns 129 177 Nouns 129 Gender 130 178 Gender 130 179 Assigning gender 130 180 Patterns for masculine gender 131 181 Patterns for feminine gender 133 182 Awkward cases of gender identity 134 183 Names of countries, towns and rivers 135 184 Homonyms 136 185 Nouns requiring special attention 138 186 Nouns designating people and animals 138 187 Gender of compound nouns 139 Number 141 188 Count and mass nouns 141 189 Markers for forming the plural of nouns 142 190 Plural of compound nouns 144 191 Different usages of number in French and English 145 192 Contrast between singular and plural usage in French 146 Adjectives 146 193 Adjectives 146 194 Adjectives and gender 146 195 Adjectives with a variable masculine form 149 196 Adjectives and number 149 197 Adjectives and agreement 150 198 Agreement of certain prepositional and adverbial expressions involving past participles 151 199 Comparison of adjectives – comparative and superlative forms – 1: comparative and superlative of inequality; 2: comparative of equality 152 200 Use of ne / le in clauses following a comparative 153 201 The more the merrier 153 202 The position of adjectives 153 203 Adjectives which change their meaning according to their position 155 204 Adjectives that may occur before or after the noun without change of meaning 157 205 Multiple adjectives 157 Exercises 158 Chapter 6 Pronouns 161 206 Pronouns 161 Personal pronouns 161 207 Personal pronouns 161 208 The forms 162 209 Elision of certain pronouns 163 210 Position of pronouns – 1: subject pronouns; 2: object pronouns 163 211 Order of object pronouns 164 212 Order of pronouns with the imperative 165 213 Position of pronouns with an infinitive and the presentatives voici and voil `a 166 214 Agreement of past participles with a preceding direct object 167 215 First person personal pronouns 167 216 Second person personal pronouns 168 217 Third person personal pronouns 169 218 Different usages in French and English 170 219 ce and il with reference to persons 170 220 Neuter subject pronouns 171 221 ce or il? 1 – 1: when followed by an adjective; 2: followed by adjective + infinitive; 3: followed by adjective + clause; 171 222 Distinguishing il and ce: 2 173 223 The use of c’est to highlight a section of an utterance 174 224 Use of on 174 225 Agreement of adjectives and past participles with on 176 226 on and its other forms 176 227 Personal pronouns – object 177 228 The various values of the reflexive pronouns me, te, se, nous, vous 178 229 le referring to a previously expressed concept 179 xi 230 Dealing with the anticipatory it of English 179 231 Stressed personal pronouns: 1 180 232 Stressed personal pronouns: 2 181 233 Stressed personal pronouns: 3 182 234 en and y 182 235 en 182 236 y 184 Demonstrative pronouns 185 237 Demonstrative pronouns 185 238 Examples of demonstrative pronouns 186 239 The neuter demonstrative pronouns ceci, cela, c¸a 187 Possessive pronouns 188 240 Possessive pronouns 188 241 Examples of possessive pronouns 188 Quantifying and indefinite pronouns 189 242 Quantifying pronouns 189 243 Examples of quantifying pronouns 189 244 la plupart 190 245 Indefinite pronouns and related expressions 190 246 Examples of indefinite expressions 191 Exercises 191 Chapter 7 Determiners 195 247 Determiners 195 The articles 195 248 The three articles 195 249 Forms of the three articles 196 250 Position of the articles 197 251 Differences between French and English usages of the articles – article in French where none is used in English: 1 198 252 Article in French where none is used in English: 2 199 253 Article in French where none is used in English: 3 199 254 Differences between French and English usages of the articles – no article in French where there is one in English 200 255 Differences between French and English usages of the articles – a different article in French from English 201 256 Differences between French and English usages of the articles – usage with titles 203 257 Differences between French and English usages of the articles – lists of nouns 203 258 Zero article 204 259 When des becomes de 206 260 More de – use of indefinite and partitive articles with a negative expression 208 261 Repetition of article 208 262 Which article? 208 263 La nouvelle Ath`enes 209 264 Key 209 Demonstrative determiners 210 265 Demonstrative determiners – demonstrative adjectives – the forms 210 266 Examples of demonstrative adjectives 211 Possessive determiners 212 267 Possessive determiners – possessive adjectives 212 268 The son series 213 269 Possible ambiguity of meaning of son series 214 270 votre /vos 215 271 Examples of the other persons of the possessive adjectives 215 Indefinite determiners 217 272 Indefinite determiners – chaque, tout 217 Exercises 218 Chapter 8 Prepositions 221 273 Prepositions 221 274 French prepositions 221 Prepositions which link 221 275 Prepositions which link 221 276 Zero preposition 222 277 Examples of verb + zero preposition 222 278 faire, entendre, envoyer, laisser, regarder, sentir, voir 223 `a 224 279 `a linking an adjective to a following infinitive 224 280 Examples of `a linking an adjective to a following infinitive 224 281 `a linking a noun to a following infinitive 225 282 Examples of `a linking a noun to a following infinitive 225 283 `a linking a verb to a following infinitive 225 284 Examples of `a linking a verb to a following infinitive 226 285 contraindre, forcer, obliger 227 286 `a linking a verb to a noun 227 287 Examples of `a linking a verb to a noun 228 de 228 288 de linking an adjective to a following infinitive 228 289 Examples of de linking an adjective to a following infinitive 229 290 de linking a noun to a following infinitive 229 291 Examples of de linking a noun to a following infinitive 229 292 de linking a verb to a following infinitive 230 293 Examples of de linking a verb to a following infinitive 231 294 de linking a verb to a noun 231 295 Examples of de linking a verb to a noun 232 296 Verbs with direct object and de with a second noun 232 297 Examples of verbs with direct object and de with a second noun 233 298 Verbs involving `a with a noun and de with an infinitive 233 299 Examples of verbs involving `a with a noun and de with an infinitive 234 300 Verbs with variable prepositional usage 234 301 Examples of verbs with variable prepositional usage 234 Prepositional expressions 242 302 Prepositional expressions 242 303 `a 242 304 `a indicating place 242 305 `a indicating time 244 306 `a indicating manner 244 307 `a to mark responsibility 245 308 `a expressing measurement 245 309 `a expressing a compound phenomenon 245 310 `a + infinitive 246 311 `a cause de = because of 246 312 `a condition de = subject to 246 313 `a cˆot´e de = next to, in comparison with 246 314 afin de = in order to 246 315 `a force de = by virtue of 247 316 `a moins de = unless 247 317 `a partir de = from 247 318 apr`es /d’apr`es = after, according to, from 247 319 `a travers = through 248 320 au bout de = at the end of 248 321 au cours de = during, in the course of 248 322 au-del`a de = beyond, apart from 248 323 au-dessous de = underneath, beneath, below 248 324 au-dessus de = over, above 248 325 au lieu de = instead of 249 326 aupr`es de = in relation to, in comparison with, among 249 327 autour de = around, round, about 249 328 avant = before (of time) 249 329 avec = with 249 330 chez = at the home of, among 249 331 compris /y compris = including 250 332 contre = against 250 333 dans = in, from, during 250 334 de 251 335 de indicating possession 251 336 de expressing place, origin 252 337 de expressing the idea of containing, measurement 253 338 de with expressions of quantity 253 339 de expressing function, material 254 340 de expressing time 254 341 de indicating cause 255 342 de expressing manner 255 343 de introducing the attribute of a noun or pronoun 255 344 de introducing an infinitive 256 345 de forming expressions 256 346 de crainte de /de peur de = for fear of 257 347 de fac¸on `a /de mani`ere `a = so as to 257 348 depuis = since 257 349 derri`ere = behind 258 350 d`es = from 258 351 devant = in front of, before, faced with 258 352 du cˆot´e de = as for 259 353 du haut de = from the top of 259 354 durant = for, during 259 355 en 259 356 en expressing position 260 357 en expressing time 260 358 en with clothing, materials, containers 261 359 en with names of languages and countries 262 360 en in fixed expressions 262 361 en-dehors de = outside, apart from 264 362 en d´epit de = in spite of 264 363 entre = between, among, through 264 364 envers = towards 265 365 environ = about 265 366 except´e = except for, apart from 265 367 face `a = opposite, facing 265 368 grˆace `a = thanks to 265 369 hors de = out of 266 370 jusqu’`a = as far as, until 266 371 le long de = along 266 372 lors de = during, at the time of 266 373 malgr´e = in spite of 266 374 par = through, by, per, on, in 266 375 par-dessous = underneath 267 376 par-dessus = over 268 377 parmi = among 268 378 par suite de = as a result of 268 379 pendant = for, during 268 380 pour = for 268 381 pr`es de = close to, near 269 382 quant `a = as for 269 383 sans = without 269 384 sauf = except for, apart from 270 385 selon = according to 270 386 sous = underneath, beneath 270 387 suivant = following 270 388 sur = on, over, about 270 389 vers = to, towards, about 271 390 Slight shifts in meaning brought out by varying the prepositions 272 391 Prepositional alternation 276 392 The interlocking of French and English prepositions 277 393 Prepositions with place names 278 Exercises 282 Chapter 9 Adverbs and adverbial expressions 285 394 The role of adverbs 285 395 Formation of adverbs 285 396 Meaning of adverbs 289 397 Position of adverbs 289 398 Adverbs of manner 291 399 Examples of adverbs of manner 293 400 Adverbs of place 294 401 Examples of adverbs of place 295 402 Adverbs of time 295 403 Comments on certain adverbs of time 297 404 Examples of adverbs of time 298 405 Adverbs of degree 298 406 Comments on certain adverbs of degree 299 407 Examples of adverbs of degree 300 408 assez, autant, beaucoup, bien, tant, tellement, trop 301 409 Comparative and superlative forms of adverbs 301 410 Adverbs of affirmation, negation and doubt 303 411 Examples of adverbs of affirmation, negation and doubt 304 412 Interrogative adverbs 305 413 Adverbs as connectors 305 414 Examples of connectors 306 Exercises 307 Chapter 10 Negation 309 415 Negation + verb 309 416 ne + negative particle – ne . . . pas = not 309 417 ne alone 313 418 ne . . . personne = no one, not anyone 314 419 ne . . . rien = nothing, not anything 315 420 ne . . . aucun = no, none 317 421 ne . . . nul = no, no one 317 422 ne . . . gu`ere = hardly, scarcely 318 423 ne . . . jamais = never 318 424 ne . . . plus = no longer, not any more 319 425 ne . . . que = only 320 426 ne . . . (pas) . . . ni . . . ni = neither . . . nor, not . . . or, not . . . either . . . or 320 427 pas alone = not 321 428 non = no, not 322 429 . . . pas non plus = neither, not . . . either, nor 322 430 Multiple negators 323 431 Omission of ne 323 Exercises 324 Chapter 11 Numerals 326 432 Cardinal numbers and ordinal numbers 326 433 Cardinal numbers 326 434 Use of et and hyphens with cardinal numbers 329 435 Pronunciation matters 330 436 When to use figures to express cardinal numbers 330 437 Approximate numbers 331 438 Fractions and decimals 332 439 Ordinal numbers 333 440 Telling the time 334 441 Dates 336 442 Miscellaneous matters 337 Exercises 338 Chapter 12 Sentences and clauses 339 Sentences 339 443 Sentences 339 444 Sentence types 340 Sentence structure 341 445 Sentence structure 341 Minor sentences and major sentences 341 446 Minor sentences 341 447 Major sentences 342 448 Simple sentences 343 449 Compound sentences 343 450 Complex sentences 344 451 Compound-complex sentences 345 452 Coordinating conjunctions 345 Clauses 347 453 Clauses 347 454 Clause types 348 455 Types of subordinate clauses 349 456 Causal clauses 349 457 Concessive clauses 350 458 Conditional clauses 351 459 Consecutive clauses 353 460 Final clauses 354 461 Manner clauses 355 462 Noun clauses 355 463 Highlighting with c’est 356 464 Relative clauses 357 465 Time clauses 360 466 Declarative clauses 363 467 Word order in declarative clauses 364 468 Inversion in declarative clauses 366 469 Highlighting 368 Interrogative sentences 368 470 Interrogative sentences 368 oui – non questions 369 471 oui – non questions 369 472 oui – non questions – 1: those involving inversion of the subject and the verb 369 473 oui – non questions – 2: those involving est-ce que + direct order of the subject and verb 371 474 oui – non questions – 3: those involving intonation only 371 475 Elliptical oui – non questions 372 Questions introduced by question words 372 476 Questions introduced by question words 372 477 Question words – pronouns 373 478 Question words – adjectives 376 479 Question words – adverbs 376 480 Elliptical questions without a question word but suggesting one 377 481 Indirect questions 378 482 Rhetorical questions 379 Exclamative sentences 380 483 Exclamative sentences 380 Punctuation 381 484 Punctuation 381 Exercises 384 Key to exercises 387 Bibliography 406 Index 407